While predatory pricing laws prevent firms from charging prices that are too low, other violations of antitrust law occur when prices are too high. Collusive pricing occurs when companies in an industry conspire in their pricing and production decisions to achieve a price above the competitive price and so restrain trade. In 2015, for example, an appeals court upheld a 2013 ruling that Apple had illegally conspired with five large book publishers on the pricing of ebooks. The goal was to promote Apple’s new iPad and to prevent Amazon from undercutting its title prices of ebooks. The case resulted in a $450 million settlement in which Apple paid purchasers twice their losses.